A red triangle or “red wedge” features on some early communist posters, a [[Red wedge (anti-fascist symbol)|Red Wedge]] appeared in a 1919 soviet propaganda poster by [[Constructivism (art)|constructivist]] artist [[El Lissitzky]] titled “[[Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge|Beat the Whites with]] the [[Red wedge (anti-fascist symbol)|Red Wedge]]”, referring to the anti-communist [[White movement]], who were defeated by the [[Red Army]] during the [[Russian Civil War]].
A red triangle or “red wedge” features on some early communist posters, a [[Red wedge (anti-fascist symbol)|Red Wedge]] appeared in a 1919 soviet propaganda poster by [[Constructivism (art)|constructivist]] artist [[El Lissitzky]] titled “[[Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge|Beat the Whites with]] the [[Red wedge (anti-fascist symbol)|Red Wedge]]”, referring to the anti-communist [[White movement]], who were defeated by the [[Red Army]] during the [[Russian Civil War]].
The term “whites” referred to the [[White movement]], a conservative, right-wing, [[Monarchist Party of Russia|monarchist]] movement whose factional colour was white.
The title, allegedly recommended by [[Ilya Ehrenburg]], is possibly a response to the pogrom slogan “Beat the Jews!” ({{langx|ru|Бей жидов!|Bej zhidov!}}).{{cite web | date = 16 August 2024 | last1 = Silver | first1 = Steve | title = Berlin and the red triangle | magazine = [[Searchlight (magazine)|Searchlight]] | url = https://searchlightmagazine.com/2024/08/berlin-and-the-red-triangle/ | quote = In 1918 Nikolai Kolli … The avant-garde Russian Jewish artist El Lissitsky echoed that sculpture in his famous “Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge” poster, some arguing that the slogan was chosen to counter the Russian pogromist slogan “Bej zhidov!” (“Beat the Jews”).}}{{cite journal|last1 = Forgács|first1=Éva| title = Malevich, Lissitzky, and the culture of the future|journal=The Structurist| date = 1999 |volume=39|issue=50| url = https://www.proquest.com/openview/9985cd3575a5cf0562940b631d849760/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1816542| access-date = 30 August 2022 |language=en| page = 49 | quote = Lissitzky’s choice of the words “Beat the Whites!” (Bei bielykh!) — supposedly on the advice of [[Ilya Ehrenburg]] — recalled the dreaded pogrom slogan “Beat the Jews!” (Bei zhidov!). }}
=== Russian Civil War ===
{{further
| Pogroms during the Russian Civil War
| red triangle (badge) #El Lissitzky’s Red Wedge {{!}} El Lissitzky’s Red Wedge
}}{{Further interlanguage link|Beat the Jews – save Russia!
|ru|Бей жидов — спасай Россию!
}}
[[File: Klinom Krasnym Bej Belych.JPG |thumb|right|300px| [[El Lissitzky]]’s 1919 anti-[[White movement]] poster, ”[[Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge]]” ({{langx|ru|Клином красным бей белых}}).{{cite web | title = “Клином красным бей белых”, “Не болтай” и другие образы революции | work=BBC News Русская служба | url = https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-41944547 }}{{cite web | title = “Не уйти из-под красного вала!” Революционный угар плакатов Гражданской войны | work=BBC News Русская служба | url = https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-41856721 }} ]]
Similar symbols were being used in [[far-left politics]] in early 20th century Russia. A red triangle or “red wedge” features on some early communist posters, a [[Red wedge (anti-fascist symbol)|Red Wedge]] appeared in a 1919 soviet propaganda poster by [[Constructivism (art)|constructivist]] artist [[El Lissitzky]] titled “[[Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge|Beat the Whites with]] the [[Red wedge (anti-fascist symbol)|Red Wedge]]”, referring to the anti-communist [[White movement]], who were defeated by the [[Red Army]] during the [[Russian Civil War]].
The term “whites” referred to the [[White movement]], a conservative, right-wing, [[Monarchist Party of Russia|monarchist]] movement whose factional colour was white.
The term “whites” referred to the [[White movement]], a conservative, right-wing, [[Monarchist Party of Russia|monarchist]] movement whose factional colour was white.
The title, allegedly recommended by [[Ilya Ehrenburg]], is possibly a response to the pogrom slogan “Beat the Jews!” ({{langx|ru|Бей жидов!|Bej zhidov!}}).{{cite web | date = 16 August 2024 | last1 = Silver | first1 = Steve | title = Berlin and the red triangle | magazine = [[Searchlight (magazine)|Searchlight]] | url = https://searchlightmagazine.com/2024/08/berlin-and-the-red-triangle/ | quote = In 1918 Nikolai Kolli … The avant-garde Russian Jewish artist El Lissitsky echoed that sculpture in his famous “Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge” poster, some arguing that the slogan was chosen to counter the Russian pogromist slogan “Bej zhidov!” (“Beat the Jews”).}}{{cite journal|last1 = Forgács|first1=Éva| title = Malevich, Lissitzky, and the culture of the future|journal=The Structurist| date = 1999 |volume=39|issue=50| url = https://www.proquest.com/openview/9985cd3575a5cf0562940b631d849760/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1816542| access-date = 30 August 2022 |language=en| page = 49 | quote = Lissitzky’s choice of the words “Beat the Whites!” (Bei bielykh!) — supposedly on the advice of [[Ilya Ehrenburg]] — recalled the dreaded pogrom slogan “Beat the Jews!” (Bei zhidov!). }}
The title, allegedly recommended by [[Ilya Ehrenburg]], is possibly a response to the pogrom slogan “Beat the Jews!” ({{langx|ru|Бей жидов!|Bej zhidov!}}).{{cite web | date = 16 August 2024 | last1 = Silver | first1 = Steve | title = Berlin and the red triangle | magazine = [[Searchlight (magazine)|Searchlight]] | url = https://searchlightmagazine.com/2024/08/berlin-and-the-red-triangle/ | quote = In 1918 Nikolai Kolli … The avant-garde Russian Jewish artist El Lissitsky echoed that sculpture in his famous “Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge” poster, some arguing that the slogan was chosen to counter the Russian pogromist slogan “Bej zhidov!” (“Beat the Jews”).}}{{cite journal|last1 = Forgács|first1=Éva| title = Malevich, Lissitzky, and the culture of the future|journal=The Structurist| date = 1999 |volume=39|issue=50| url = https://www.proquest.com/openview/9985cd3575a5cf0562940b631d849760/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1816542| access-date = 30 August 2022 |language=en| page = 49 | quote = Lissitzky’s choice of the words “Beat the Whites!” (Bei bielykh!) — supposedly on the advice of [[Ilya Ehrenburg]] — recalled the dreaded pogrom slogan “Beat the Jews!” (Bei zhidov!). }}
Pogroms (pl. Hebrew: פוגרוםים, romanized: pogromim, sing. Hebrew: פוגרוםים) were increasingly frequent during the Gaza war. They were also sometimes referred to as ‘rampages’ or ‘settler terrorism’ when carried out by Israeli settlers, or riots when carried out by other groups.
History
Anti-Jewish antisemitic pogroms
Russian Empire
Russian Civil War
A red triangle or “red wedge” features on some early communist posters, a Red Wedge appeared in a 1919 soviet propaganda poster by constructivist artist El Lissitzky titled “Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge”, referring to the anti-communist White movement, who were defeated by the Red Army during the Russian Civil War.[3][4]
The term “whites” referred to the White movement, a conservative, right-wing, monarchist movement whose factional colour was white.
The title, allegedly recommended by Ilya Ehrenburg, is possibly a response to the pogrom slogan “Beat the Jews!” (Russian: Бей жидов!, romanized: Bej zhidov!).[5][6][7]
The full slogan was Beat the Jews – save Russia! (Russian: Бей жидов — спасай Россию!), and it was predominantly used by right wing monarchists and their militant Black Hundreds.[8][9][10]
Russian Civil War
Similar symbols were being used in far-left politics in early 20th century Russia. A red triangle or “red wedge” features on some early communist posters, a Red Wedge appeared in a 1919 soviet propaganda poster by constructivist artist El Lissitzky titled “Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge”, referring to the anti-communist White movement, who were defeated by the Red Army during the Russian Civil War.[3][4]
The term “whites” referred to the White movement, a conservative, right-wing, monarchist movement whose factional colour was white.
The title, allegedly recommended by Ilya Ehrenburg, is possibly a response to the pogrom slogan “Beat the Jews!” (Russian: Бей жидов!, romanized: Bej zhidov!).[5][13][7]
The full slogan was Beat the Jews – save Russia! (Russian: Бей жидов — спасай Россию!), and it was predominantly used by right wing monarchists and their militant Black Hundreds.[14][15][16]
Pogroms against other groups
Settler pogroms
A number of prominent Israeli leaders were the first to use the term “pogrom” to refer to certain instances of violence perpetrated against Palestinians by select groups of Israeli settlers. Former Prime Minister Olmert said, “We are the children of a people whose historic ethos is built on the memory of pogroms”, Olmert said during the weekly cabinet meeting in Jerusalem. “The sight of Jews firing at innocent Palestinians has no other name than pogrom”.
“I am ashamed that Jews could do such a thing”, Olmert went on. “I have asked the defense minister and other relevant elements to do all it takes, with all the strength needed and in any place controlled by the State of Israel, in order to stop this phenomenon”.
Pogroms against Israelis
Pogroms against Arabs and Jews in other regions
In 2023, soon after the start of the war, there were anti-Jewish riots in the North Caucasus. Anger against the actions of Israel caused riots against people rumoured to be Israelis, as well as local Jews.
The 2024 Amsterdam riots began with a visiting Israeli soccer fans harassing the local Arab minority.
A small number of sources described the Bondi Beach massacre as a Pogrom, despite there being only two gunmen who were both shot by state police.
One gunman was killed by police.
Pogrom and terrorism against Palestinians and Israeli Bedouins
List of pogroms and race riots since 1 January 2023
See also
References
- ↑ ““Клином красным бей белых”, “Не болтай” и другие образы революции”. BBC News Русская служба.
- ↑ ““Не уйти из-под красного вала!” Революционный угар плакатов Гражданской войны”. BBC News Русская служба.
- 1 2 Cite error:The named reference
Ginsberg 2017was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - 1 2 Cite error:The named reference
Anti-Fascist Actionwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - 1 2 Silver, Steve (16 August 2024). “Berlin and the red triangle”. Searchlight.
In 1918 Nikolai Kolli … The avant-garde Russian Jewish artist El Lissitsky echoed that sculpture in his famous “Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge” poster, some arguing that the slogan was chosen to counter the Russian pogromist slogan “Bej zhidov!” (“Beat the Jews”).
- ↑ Forgács, Éva (1999). “Malevich, Lissitzky, and the culture of the future”. The Structurist. 39 (50): 49. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
Lissitzky’s choice of the words “Beat the Whites!” (Bei bielykh!) — supposedly on the advice of Ilya Ehrenburg — recalled the dreaded pogrom slogan “Beat the Jews!” (Bei zhidov!).
- 1 2 Cite error:The named reference
no contemporarywas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ↑ Скобелев Андрей Владиславович (Skobelev, Andrey Vladislavovich) (2012). “Много неясного в странной стране…” III. Материалы к комментированию избранных произведений В. С. Высоцкого. Литературоведение [“There is much that is unclear in a strange country…” III. Materials for commenting on selected works by V. S. Vysotsky. Literary criticism] (PDF). Воронеж: Эхо. p. 38.
- ↑ Размолодин, М. Л. (2013). ред. Иерусалимский, Юрий Юрьевич (ed.). Русский вопрос в идеологии черной сотни: монография [The Russian Question in the Ideology of the Black Hundreds: Monograph] (2-е издание, доп. и перераб ed.). Ярославль: Нюанс. p. 103.
- ↑ Antisemitism: a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution —Klier, John D. (2005). “Black Hundreds”. In Richard S. Levy (ed.). Antisemitism: a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution. Contemporary world issues. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-85109-439-4.
- ↑ ““Клином красным бей белых”, “Не болтай” и другие образы революции”. BBC News Русская служба.
- ↑ ““Не уйти из-под красного вала!” Революционный угар плакатов Гражданской войны”. BBC News Русская служба.
- ↑ Forgács, Éva (1999). “Malevich, Lissitzky, and the culture of the future”. The Structurist. 39 (50): 49. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
Lissitzky’s choice of the words “Beat the Whites!” (Bei bielykh!) — supposedly on the advice of Ilya Ehrenburg — recalled the dreaded pogrom slogan “Beat the Jews!” (Bei zhidov!).
- ↑ Скобелев Андрей Владиславович (Skobelev, Andrey Vladislavovich) (2012). “Много неясного в странной стране…” III. Материалы к комментированию избранных произведений В. С. Высоцкого. Литературоведение [“There is much that is unclear in a strange country…” III. Materials for commenting on selected works by V. S. Vysotsky. Literary criticism] (PDF). Воронеж: Эхо. p. 38.
- ↑ Размолодин, М. Л. (2013). ред. Иерусалимский, Юрий Юрьевич (ed.). Русский вопрос в идеологии черной сотни: монография [The Russian Question in the Ideology of the Black Hundreds: Monograph] (2-е издание, доп. и перераб ed.). Ярославль: Нюанс. p. 103.
- ↑ Antisemitism: a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution —Klier, John D. (2005). “Black Hundreds”. In Richard S. Levy (ed.). Antisemitism: a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution. Contemporary world issues. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-85109-439-4.
- ↑
